Kiernan Brandt

Background

Regardless of how efficiently reproductive success is managed on the ranch, beef producers are tasked annually with incorporating new females into the herd in the form of replacement heifers. Whether purchasing females off the farm or retaining heifers from this year’s cohort of marketable calves, both represent significant input costs to replace the 10–15% of cows leaving the herd annually, plus any additional heifers to expand the size of the operation in years when conditions allow. To reduce dependence on purchased or harvested feeds and susceptibility to poor weather or market conditions, there is growing interest in developing replacement heifers at a lower cost without compromising reproductive performance.

Much of the lifetime success of a beef female is determined by her performance in her first breeding season. The overall objective of any heifer development program should be for those females to conceive a pregnancy early in a defined breeding season and to calve for the first time prior to two years-of-age. Since bred heifers will still only be approximately 85% of their mature weight at calving, having a large proportion deliver early in the calving season allows these females maximal time to go through uterine involution and prepare to gestate their second calf, while affording them extra nutrients to heal and continue developing, which is why many producers begin calving heifers 21–30 days ahead of the mature cows.

Historical Recommendations

To maximize the number of heifers that have reached puberty prior to the breeding season, it has been traditionally recommended that heifers weigh 60–65% of their mature body weight. This threshold was developed at a time when cattle production systems were transitioning from calving heifers at three years-of-age to calving them as two-year-olds. As this shift occurred, it indirectly required producers to select females that reach puberty at a lighter weight and younger age. Likewise, over the past several decades, consistent selection for increased scrotal circumference in young bulls may have indirectly decreased the age at which heifers reach puberty, as these traits are moderately correlated. Despite average mature cow sizes increasing as result of constant selection for larger yearling weights, heifers continually demonstrate the ability to reach puberty sooner and at lighter weights than have occurred historically.

Opportunities For Change

Acknowledging these changes in cattle genetics provides opportunities for producers to reduce development costs during the post-weaning period leading up to the breeding season. One caveat of dealing with such specific target percentages is the need for replacement heifers to be managed separately from the cowherd to monitor growth and development more accurately. Whether this is accomplished through allocating pastures for heifers or feeding them in a drylot, the opportunity costs associated with these options must be evaluated on an operation-to-operation basis. Several studies in recent years have investigated whether heifers can be developed to lower bodyweight thresholds, ranging from 50–57% of their expected mature weight, without sacrificing reproductive performance. Regardless of whether heifers were developed on crop residue or dormant winter forage, collective studies from three different states all found economic benefits compared to drylot development, with savings of $37 to $99 per pregnant heifer. These results are not surprising, given that grazing heifers were limit-fed protein supplements and consumed less overall feed. Acceptable pregnancy rates were achieved by all groups, which is the ultimate indicator of a successful development protocol. The interesting part of these collective datasets is that by restricting heifer intake leading up to the breeding season and then turning them out on lush pasture, these heifers experienced higher rates of average daily gain (ADG) compared with heifers developed in the drylot. Grazing habits are a learned behavior, so heifers who have been out grazing appear to perform better when turned out after breeding, and, despite entering the breeding season at a lighter weight, this compensatory gain resulted in similar weights at calving between groups.

Takeaways

Maintaining a positive plane of nutrition leading up to and immediately following breeding is crucial for the successful establishment of pregnancy, so developing heifers to a lighter bodyweight may provide advantages in adapting heifers to perform well during the breeding season in a range setting. Additionally, there is a growing body of literature suggesting economic advantages of developing heifers to lower bodyweight thresholds, without compromising conception rates. Heifers developed in low-input systems using grazed forages may gain more experience consuming forage, which aids their performance and eliminates any adaptation period when they are turned out into the environment they will be expected to perform on as mature cows. If you are breeding heifers later in the summer when forage quality is declining, consider providing additional protein to ensure adequate metabolic status. Heifers should still enter the breeding season at a body condition score of five-to-six and be in an environment that provides enough nutrients to be gaining weight. When transitioning to a low-input development system, it is recommended to retain more replacements than needed to help monitor how herd genetics respond to a nutritional challenge. Please contact Kiernan Brandt with any questions regarding heifer development strategies.